Analysis Of Book Around The World - 1402 Words

Title: Around the World in Eighty Days Author: Jules Verne Protagonist: The protagonist is Phileas Fogg, a tall, well built English gentleman about forty years old with light brown hair and a beard. He lives a quiet life of regularity in London. Being independently wealthy, he spends most of his day in the Reform Club reading, taking his meals, and playing whist. Having lived a life of travel and adventure some years earlier, he is a man of honor and integrity. Mr. Fogg is also considered an eccentric and enigmatic person with a calm, unruffled demeanor. His rationality, generosity, and self-control impressed some characters throughout the book. Antagonist: The main antagonist is Detective Fix from Scotland Yard who suspects Mr. Fogg of†¦show more content†¦Fogg to make his appearance and surprisingly, Mr. Fogg arrives at 8:45 pm, the exact time he had left when he first started his journey. This is a climactic moment as going around the world in eighty days reached its end and it is fulfillment of the aim behind Fogg’s entire endeavor. It fills the reader with suspense and curiosity as the reader had read that Mr. Fogg didn’t manage to make it then are completely taken aback when he wins the bet. Resolution: The outcome of the story is that Mr. Fogg actually wins the bet because he had gained a day during his journey as he had gone around the world from west to east. Even though he earned 20,000 pounds, he had spent 19,000 pounds on the trip and his financial return wasn’t very good. He split the 1,000 pounds between Passepartout and Detective Fix whom he could feel no resentment toward. Also, throughout the journey, Mr. Fogg rescues an Indian princess where they fall in love and marry after winning the bet. Setting: The settings of the novel are London, Paris, Suez, Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, New York, Liverpool, then back to London. Also when the train from Bombay and Calcutta stop, Mr. Fogg and his companions have to go to Allahabad on an elephant and when the travelers in America are attacked by the Sioux, they disembark near Fort Kearney station. Theme: The theme is to extend credibility to seemingly lesser individuals because it

Raymond Carver’s “Cathedral” vs. Tess Gallagher’s “Rain...

Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† and Tess Gallagher’s â€Å"Rain Flooding your Campfire† are good examples of intertextual dialogue between two writers. These two stories show us how two writers can grow and develop short stories differently from the same experience. There are similarities between the stories, such as the use of a first person narrator, the plot, setting, and also there is an interchange between the narrator and the blind man in both stories. But within these similarities there are also differences; the narrators are two different people with two very different views on the situation, and although there is an interchange between the characters they are two different types with two different messages. Gallagher’s story is a†¦show more content†¦He acts as a sort of catalyst in both stories to bring different reactions from the different narrators. In Gallagher’s story the narrator has a very powerful bond with th e blind man- she is his helper. Through her account of the visit from her blind friend we can see the exceptionally spiritual and solacing exchange that they share. These prevailing feelings that Gallagher’s narrator has while she interacts with the blind man is the main focus of this story and even though it is compassionate, the theme in â€Å"Cathedral† makes for a more powerful message and can reach a greater audience. In Carver’s recounting of his experience the narrator manages to completely reverse his views of the blind man. He goes as far as to say, â€Å"It was like nothing else in my life up to now† (Carver pg. 30). The narrator who began the story seeing this blind man as more of a burden than someone he could learn something new from has an epiphany and realises the error of his ways. By working together with the blind man on something as simple as a drawing of a cathedral the narrator overcomes his prejudice and his eyes are opened. T he blind man says, â€Å"You’ll see. I’ll follow along with you. It’ll be okay.† (pg. 29). The theme in Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† is so prominent and important, the ability to overcome prejudice by working together, reaches many more people and carries such a stronger meaning then Gallagher’s â€Å"Rain Flooding you Campfire†. The

Education and Cardiff Metropolitan University free essay sample

We are recognised by the UK Government as one of the most reliable and trusted Higher Education Institutions in Britain   In fact, we were one of the first education institutions to gain Highly Trusted Status. At LSC we are proud of our reputation for delivering excellent standards of education, quality lectures and a high level of student success. Our record of graduate satisfaction, coupled with our teaching standards, has led to very high levels of student attainment; we are officially recognised as a highly suitable destination for students from around the world. The London School of Commerce is the Associate College of Cardiff Metropolitan University (Cardiff Met) Cardiff Metropolitan University was formerly known as University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC). First of all, I decided to study at London School of Commerce (LSC) since it is a member of British Council and recognised by the UK Government as one of the most trusted Higher Education Institutions in Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Cardiff Metropolitan University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page LSC is the Associate College of Cardiff Metropolitan University (University of Wales Institute, Cardiff UWIC). In fact, UWIC is highly appreciated as the best new university in the UK by Times Good University Guide and Sunday Times described UWIC as ‘The leading new university in Wales for the 4th year running’. I choose BA(Hons) Business Studies because the course is career-oriented, it helps students to be prepared for the professional uture in commercial, industrial, service sector organisations . Also, there are some modules in the course that I really like such as Organisational Behaviour, Marketing Management, Project Management, Entrepreneurship. Besides the quality, LSC offers an affordable level of tuition fee for both local and international students, which would indirectly support students as we can still achieve a British certification with a reasonable price. The other feature of LSC that I really like is that the duration of the course is only 2 years. It means students can graduate and work sooner compare students from other educational institutions. Last but not least, LSC is located in the centre of London, one of the most modern and dynamic cities in the world. It will not only offers students a range of good facilities, services but also excellent experience of student life.

Malaysia Sports Essay Example

Malaysia Sports Essay Sports in Malaysia A General Overview When asked about what needs to be done to encourage youths in this country to be involved in sports, ex-Olympian and International Sports Official, Datuk Dr Mani Jegathesan says it is absolutely crucial that we push for a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity, for all Malaysians, especially the youth. â€Å"They are our future, life habits and skills are best inculcated in the formative years†, he adds. A time-tested method for encouraging physical activity is the practice of sport. Sport brings not just the exercise component, but psychological and social benefits as well. Sport is fun, exciting and engaging, and sports can teach us many good values. † It is no surprise that Dr Jegathesan. s view concurs that the schools and the community, in which the youth work and play, would be the best place to strongly advocate this by first making the programmes attractive and compelling to attract the young people. Instead of engaging themselves in some anti-social behaviours, their involvement in all kinds of sports will help develop a healthier generation of young Malaysians with a more confident, competitive and positive outlook in life. Hence, the recent decision by the Education Ministry to slash the annual allocation to the Malaysian Schools Sports Council (MSSM) from RM6 million to RM1. 5 million is definitely a bane to the promotion of sports among the young people in the midst of rising anti-social behaviours. Where there used to be 24 sports, catering for the Under-12, Under-15 and Under-18, now a number of these sports have to be slashed to nearly half of the number of sports. A number of sports like handball, rugby, sailing, table tennis, cricket, softball, cross country, chess, bowling, squash and archery have been axed from the programme. Some of these are the sports such as squash, bowling and archery have put Malaysia on the world map, having produced current world squash champion Datuk Nicol David. Both Shalin Zulkifli (Bowling) and Cheng Chu Sian (Archery) had won the recurve individual gold at the recent SEA Games in Laos. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, when we talk about the 10 merit points allocated to students to gain entry into local universities, the students, who are active in the 11 sports axed by the MSSM, will be at a greater disadvantage. In short, before we talk about going for Gold, we should be talking about investing in the development of young sportsmen and women, in the process help the young people at large develop good social and inter-personal soft skills,besides cultivating a healthy eating habit based on good knowledge of nutrition. All this has to begin at the school level, and we can never go wrong if both the government and the parents of these children put serious efforts to encourage their children to actively participate in sports. Sports in Personality Development Parents, who generally place more emphasis on academic excellence, should realize that their childrens involvement in sports is more than just the ability to play a game. Participation in the sports helps the young people to learn to be in control of various challenging situations and in the process develop a healthy and positive outlook in life. Some of them will eventually learn to be good leaders in their respective fields when they grow up. EDITORIAL EDITORIAL Involvement in the sports also helps to boost up both physical and mental stamina in children. Studies have shown that participation in school sports is vital for the development of motor skills besides helping to release endorphins which helps decrease depression and increases energy. Because the young people are taught to accept defeat in life at a very young age, they eventually develop a stronger determination to succeed in their next attempt. They learn to push beyond their human limitations and trust in their ability to break world records. They say, world champions are made, not born. This is where young people also learn that, in order to win, they will always have to play by the rules. As they advance in their sports as professional sportsmen and sportswomen, they know their rules by hard. The moment a rule is broken, there is a penalty, and in some cases, the athlete may be totally disqualified altogether. Even a year after they are eventually found guilty of foul play, their hard-earned championship title can be withdrawn indefinitely. The rules in a game are the same as the rules in real life which they can ill-afford to overlook. It is this kind of holistic development of the personality of their children and their ability to meet challenges in life that is more important, which like race relations cannot be taught in the classrooms. Sports in Social Benefits and Race Relations In a multi-racial society like Malaysia, young people learn best to bond with each other and people of other races at an early age, when they are on the playground. It is a more effective way to inculcate race relations than having classroom lectures on race relations. When the late Mokhtar Dahari scored a goal, everyone cheered. When Nicol David won the World Squash Championship, her name was mentioned on everyone. s lips. Other well-known names – the late Santokh Singh, Marina Chin, Lee Chong Wei, Misbun Sidek and the list goes on and on – have similarly made the nation proud of their individual achievements. Malaysians are proud of the advancements in sports made by their fellow citizens, regardless of race, religion or creed. For this reason, the government should channel more funds to build good sport facilities for the schools, and focus on promoting participation of the young people in various types of sports as part of the extra-curricular activities. The spirit of comradeship in sports at the school level will eventually help to foster greater race relations in a multi-racial society like ours. A talented young man of 17, Philippe Yang from Sri KL Private School, who had a chance to visit a few public schools in Australia, recently gave a moving speech to his fellow students about his observations how the schools in Australia are generally better equipped with good sports facilities compared to schools in Malaysia. At the conclusion of his speech, Yang urged the Ministry of Education to spend more on providing good sports facilities for the schools. â€Å"I believe†, he said with convictions, â€Å"that Malaysians can do better at sports if they started early in life†. One other area which is very much neglected in the schools nationwide is a better understanding of nutrition, in particular, about the correct way of eating to achieve maximum performance in competitive sports. MALAYSIA SPORTS FITNESS DIRECTORY 2010/2011 MALAYSIA SPORTS FITNESS DIRECTORY 2010/2011 Sports Nutrition Close consultation with the nutritionist is important. Sadly, except for the sports schools, most urban schools do not even have nutritionists who are assigned to take care of the children’s food consumption. As a result, the young people are ill-advised on their daily diet. Junk and fast food has become very popular in schools globally, including Malaysia. That has recently prompted the Taiwanese Government to consider introducing junk food tax to reduce obesity amongst the country. s school-going children. Statistics show that 25-30% of children in that country are obese. In Malaysia, at least 27% of the 25 million people are obese. Our children are no better – and this is an alarming situation for a country with a young population. Analyst such as Malaysian Association for the Study of Obesity president Dr Mohd Ismail Noor opined that efforts to ban fast-food advertisements will not make any impact on the way society eats. A good habit of eating the right diet and frequent exercise has to be cultivated and taught from young. Perhaps, a proper diet, without the excesses of the fast food of modern days, is one possible reason why the country could produce great sportsmen and sportswomen in badminton, football and hockey in the hey days of these sports, at a time when Malaysia was emerging as a nation. Today. s diet is a bane and probably a contributing factor for the lack of exercise and the determination to excel in sports. A proverb may be true after all: â€Å"You are what you eat! † To achieve peak performance in sports, the young athletes will have to follow guidelines that are particularly designed for their kind of activities. A good nutrition plan also includes the proper timing in food consumption. Nutritionists will be able to advise the young athletes how to time their meals to their training, so that the energy peaks at the right time when it is most needed. Meanwhile, apart from looking at the long term goal of developing the younger generation of Malaysians to become world-class athletes, the government also has to study how to further improve the performance of our athletes in some international events, especially those that the country is taking great effort to bid for and host the events. Except for a handful of good athletes, the nation. s performance in some of these international sport events for the past two decades is hardly enviable. Proper resources channelled into the training of our sportsmen and sportswomen will hopefully help to propel our athletes into greater heights of achievements. In some areas, there are apparently improvements being made, but more efforts need to be focused on turning the ashes into the glory of winning World Championships. The six million Ringgit question: Will our involvement in the upcoming major sports events bring a greater fame or disgrace to the country? It is unfair to blame it on the sportsmen and sportswomen alone, as it is a question that also involves the sports administrators, the government, and the sports fans. Are we giving enough support, morally and financially, to help boost the performance of our sports community? Thomas Uber Cup 2010 Malaysia has won the bid to host the 2010 Thomas and Uber Cup Finals in May 2010, beating two others, China and Brazil, which also offered to play host to the two Team World Badminton Championships. This would be the 26th tournament of the Thomas Cup since its debut in 1948, and the 23rd edition of the Uber Cup since 1956. In badminton, despite its late entry into the competition, China. s emergence as a tough competitor is something to emulate. The 2008 Thomas Cup last contested in Jakarta, Indonesia rom May 11 to May 18, 2008, saw Malaysia losing to China 2-3 in the semi-finals. Meanwhile, in the finals, China beat Korea 3-1 and won the championship title for the seventh time in the World Mens Team Championship. Malaysia has won the championship title for five times, the last 3 EDITORIAL EDITORIAL being in 1992 when Malaysia played host. The biggest ch allenge is for Malaysia to take on the world, and prove herself as capable to match China. s performance by winning another world championship on home ground. In the Uber Cup, Malaysia has never won any championship titles; will our shuttlers be able to at least improve their erformance, if not able to win the championship title? To date, only four nations namely China, Japan, USA and Indonesia have won the Uber Cup, and Malaysia is still a long way to go in boosting its all-women. s team. Our team can make it, if they put their heart and soul to winning the Uber Cup championship for the first time. To date, Indonesia still holds the record of being the most successful country in the Thomas Cup, having won the event 13 times while China dominated the Uber Cup with ten championships to their name. Whether Malaysia will once again win the much coveted Thomas Cup world championship is something that many are waiting o see since the event is held on its home ground, especially since it has some of the best shuttlers in the world. For example, Datuk Lee Chong Wei recently managed to clinch his sixth Malaysia Open Super Series title after beatin g Thailands Ponsana Boonsak 21-13, 21-7 in 34 minutes in the final held at the Putra Stadium in Bukit Jalil. He had earlier emerged champion in the Korean Open, and is considered World No. 1. His success is something to be celebrated. The Champions of THOMAS CUP Indonesia 13 times China 7 times Malaysia (incl. Malaya) 5 times The Champions of UBER CUP China 10 times Japan 5 times U. S. A 3 times Indonesia 3 times 4 25th SEA Games 2009 The 26th SEA Games will be held in Bandung and Semarang, Indonesia in 2011. With one year ahead, Malaysia has to pump in a lot of efforts to regain its glorious moments, considering that its performance in the last SEA Games 2009 in Vientiane, Laos, was hardly enviable. Malaysia came in fourth position after Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. This was the lowest final position in 22 years. Compared to both Thailand and Vietnam, the number of medals collected was nearly half the number compared to Thailand. Thailand bagged 86 Gold, 83 Silver and 97 Bronze medals, whereas Malaysia accumulated 0 Gold, 40 Silver and 59 Bronze medals. Even Laos coming in the seventh placing won 33 Gold, 25 Silver and 52 Bronze medals, an achievement that far exceeds its own record of five Gold medals at the last SEA Games in Korat, Thailand in 2007. Table 1: Number of medals collected by countries at 25th SEA GAMES 2009 Country Thailand Gold 86 Silver 83 Bronze 97 Tot al Medal 266 Vietnam 83 75 57 215 Indonesia 43 53 74 170 Malaysia 40 40 59 139 Philippines 38 35 51 124 Singapore 33 30 35 98 Laos 33 25 52 110 Myanmar 12 22 37 71 Cambodia 3 10 27 40 Brunei 1 1 8 10 Timor Leste 0 0 3 3 Source: www. laoseagames2009. com Meanwhile, host country Laos surprised everyone by its performance in football in the region by reaching the semi-finals, before falling 3-1 to Malaysia. In football, there was reason for celebration. This was the first time that Malaysia won the football Gold dubbed the mother of all Gold medals in both the mens and womens football, after Thailand had been winning the SEA Games crown in mens football for the last eight editions since 1993 while for the women, they were the defending champions. Malaysia managed to knock out Thailand from a place in semi-finals and regained its status as the SEA Games Football Champion, with a 1-0 win over Vietnam in the final. This raises the hope that Malaysian football MALAYSIA SPORTS FITNESS DIRECTORY 2010/2011 MALAYSIA SPORTS FITNESS DIRECTORY 2010/2011 will be returned to its former glory. Will it still perform even better in the Bandung Games in 2011? Other notable achievements in Laos Games include Roslinda Samsu, who became the new Games record holder for Pole Vault Final (Female) with 4. 15 metres, compared to her 4. 10 metres in the 23rd SEA Games in the Philippines in 2005. Meanwhile, Tan Song Hwa managed to achieve Hammer Throw Final (Female) and hit a new Games record with 56. 1 metres after the old record of 53. 35 metres was won during the 23rd SEA Games in the Philippines in 2005. Asian Indoor Games and ASIAD Malaysia came 15th in rank during the recent 3rd Asian Indoor Games 2009, which was held at the newly constructed Hanoi Indoor Athletics Palace. Two other ASEAN countries, Vietnam and Thailand, were amongst the top five countries, w ith Vietnam bagging 42 Gold medals, 30 Silver and 22 Bronze. Even Thailand. s achievement was glamorous, compared to Malaysia. s performance, with 3 Gold medals, 5 Silver and 8 Bronze. With the 4th Asian Indoor Games being planned in 2013, it is hoped that more emphasis ill be placed on producing athletes with greater excellence. Table 2: Number of medals collected based on countries during the 4th Asian Indoor Games 2009 Rank Country Total 1 Peoples Republic of China 48 25 19 92 2 Vietnam 42 30 22 94 3 Kazakhstan 21 16 21 58 4 Thailand 19 17 34 70 5 Iran 17 15 13 45 . . . . . . 15 Malaysia 3 5 8 16 G S B Taken from http://www. vaigoc2009. com During the 15th ASIAD or Asian Games held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to December 15, 2006, Malaysia came in the eighth position, with a total of 8 Gold, 17 Silver and 17 Bronze medals. The next Asian Games, to be held in Guangzhou, China from November 12, 2010 to November 27, 2010 will be another opportunity for Malaysian athletes to prove their worth. With 41 events making it the largest Asian Games ever held since 1951 when the Games made its debut in New Delhi. Malaysia will be sending its football team to compete in the Asian Games, after capturing the championship title in the Laos SEA Games and nearly decades in the doldrums. It is hoped that this new team will help bring back the glories during the days of Santokh Singh, Mokhtar Dahari, Soh Chin Aun and R. Arumugam, a truly multi-racial mix. 2010 Commonwealth Games The 2010 Commonwealth Games from 3-14 October 2010 will see some 6,000 international athletes competing in 17 sports in New Delhi, India. Malaysia is also forming its contingent toparticipate in various sports, including diving andswimming competitions, where three swimmers, Daniel Bego, Siow Yi Ting and Khoo Cai Lin, willbe competing against some of the best swimmersfrom China, Japan and South Korea who arealready of world class status, based on theirresults at the World Championships and Olympics. Laos SEA Games Double goldmedalist, Yeoh Ken Nee will also be competing inthe diving competition at the CommonwealthGames in New Delhi in October. He had earlier won a silver in the 1metre springboard during thelast Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Cheng Chu Sian, Mohd Izzudin Abdul Rahimand Wan Khalmizam Wan Abdul Aziz have been selected to represent Malaysia as the nationalelite archery team. Meanwhile, the MalaysianAmateur Boxing Federation (MABF) said it ishopeful that its boxers will win medals in the NewDelhi Commonwealth Games in October, after delivering two unexpected gold medals at theLaos SEA Games, when Mohd Farkhan Haron and Fairus Azwan Abdullah won the Middleweight(75kg) and Light Heavyweight (81kg) Competitions, respectively, in the Laos Games. Former top rifle shooter, Mohd Emran Zakariais also planning to make a comeback as acompetitor in the Commonwealth Games afterwatching the lack of performance by the youngerparticipants during the Laos SEA Games. 5 EDITORIAL EDITORIAL While a lot of preparations have gone in, the question is: will we see a quantum leap in Malaysia. s overall performance in the major sports events, including the Olympic Games 2012 in London, after a poor show in the Beijing Summer Olympics 2008? Has sufficient efforts been put in to address our weaknesses and build on our existing strengths? This is where more emphasis as to be placed to improve the prestige of our local sportsmen and sportswomen besides promoting other major events that put the country on the world map, one of which is the Formula One, where Malaysia is still a new player. Formula One In March 2010, all eyes will be on Bahrain where the Formula One race will begin from March 12-14. This will feature among others the sensational comeb ack of seven-time world champion, Michael Schumacher who recently signed a deal for with Mercedes. Some 20 locations around the world have been identified, including the Malaysian Grand Prix which will be held on April 4. Malaysia will have two teams in this coming event. Created by AirAsia. s boss, Tony Fernandes, Malaysia. s Team Lotus F1, represented by veteran Formula One driver Jarno Trulli, Finland. s Heikki Kovalainen and Malaysian Fairuz Fauzy, will also be competing in the race. 35 years old Trulli was formerly racing with Toyota, and since 1997, has completed in 216 races, while Kovalainen, 28 made his debut in 2006 with Renault. Fairuz, 27 has driven in the GP2 series and A1 GP. However, in a recent announcement, Petronas said it was signing up with Mercedes for title sponsorship, after the withdrawal of BMW Sauber. team from F1. This, defended Petronas vice-president of corporate services, Ahmad Nizam Salleh, is decided upon after much deliberation and short-listing four teams -Williams, Sauber, Mercedes and Lotus. Ahmad Nizam explains that Petronas was looking beyond patriotism for its sponsorship to allow greater opportunities for business growth. Although Lotus 1 is a Malaysian team, Ah mad was quoted in The Star recently, saying, â€Å"we believe Mercedes are the ideal partners. Besides their long and established history in motorsport, they have the platform to serve our long-term business plans to expand our lubricants business. With the participation of Schumacher, the turnout at the Malaysian Grand Prix on Sunday 4 April 2010 is expected to swell to 100,000, compared to 60,000 last year. Monsoon Cup The current Monsoon Cup agreement, inked in 2005 between the State Government of Terengganu and the World Match Racing Tour (WMRT) for the prestigious sailing event, will end in 2012. The event, which works as a catalyst for the state. s development, serves as the Malaysian leg for the international event, dubbed â€Å"The Formula One of Sailing†, which was started in 2000 to unite the world. s best match-race regattas under one banner. It has drawn tourists from around the world to the state especially during the monsoon season at the end of the year. More importantly, a total of 1. 21 billion people around the world watched the live telecast of the Monsoon Cup over ESPN in 2006 alone, bringing attention to the state. The racing tour comprises nine events in different locations around the world with the Monsoon Cup being the final leg. Thirteen teams met in the waters off Terengganu from Dec 2 to Dec 6, 2009 to battle for the championship trophy. This event has generated as high as 1. 2 billion viewers on ESPN Star Sports, Fox Australia, CNBC Australia and Pan Asia, Sky New Zealand, America One, Sports Max, Eurosport World, Fox Sports US and Travel Channel China live telecast every year. Skipper Adam Mino prio, his Kiwi crew David Swete, Nick Blackman, Daniel Lean and Tom Powrie of the New Zealands Black Match Racing clinched the 2009 Monsoon Cup, after being crowned the 2009 ISAF Match Racing World Champions and beating three-time (in 1998, 2002 and 2008) Olympic gold medallist and ISAF World 6 Sailor, Ben Ainslie and Team Origin at the Ri-Yaz Heritage Marina Resort and Spa in Pulau Duyong. Yanmar Racing came in the third placing, while two-time winner of Monsoon Cup, Datuk Peter Gilmour came in fourth. 2009 MONSOON CUP RESULTS 1. Adam Minoprio (NZL) ETNZ/Black Match Racing 2. Ben Ainslie (GBR) Team Origin 3. Peter Gilmour (AUS) Yanmar Racing 4. Sebastien Col (FRA) French Match Racing Team All4One 5. Mathieu Richard (FRA) French Match Racing Team 6. Phil Robertson (NZL) Waka Racing 7. Torvar Mirsky (AUS) Mirsky Racing Team 8. Damien Iehl (FRA) French Match Racing Team 9. Magnus Holmberg (SWE) Victory Challenge 10. Francesco Bruni (ITA) Team Azzurra 11. Ian Williams (GBR) Team Pindar 12. Hazwan Hazim Dermawan (MAS) Taring Pelangi Team 2009 WORLD MATCH RACING TOUR RESULTS Adam Minoprio ETNZ Black Match Racing 138 points Torvar Mirsky Mirsky Racing Team 97 points Ben Ainslie Team Origin 95 points Peter Gilmour Yanmar Racing 89 points Mathieu Richard French Match Racing Team 89 points Ian Williams Team Pindar 75 points Sebastien Col French Match Racing Team All4One 59 points Damien Iehl French Match Racing Team 54 points The Creation of New Sports Efforts have also been made to revive traditional sports and to introduce them to the world. With the help of the All Malaysia Traditional Games Heritage Association, traditional games (some of which went back as far as the 15th Century) have been made alive with a close working relationship between the association and various ministries. It has hosted some of the biggest events in Selangor, Penang and Kuala Lumpur since 2001. The pressure exists when host countries also introduce and seek to popularise their traditional sports. Across the region, there is a growing interest in reviving traditional sports, and Malaysia should not be lagging behind. Some of these traditional sports are common in the region, which can be included into the wide spectrum of existing competitions. Some of the other sports are also becoming increasingly popular. In the equestrian sport, the Pahang Penn Endurance Challenge 2009, held at the RM2 million Pahang International Endurance Park in Sungai Baging, Cherating, covering 100 ha of training ground, saw a bigger turnout of spectators. In the event, Shahruddin Abdullah from the Team Blue Moon defeated defending champion, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Mizan Abidin, and emerged champion after completing the route in seven hours, 25 minutes and seven seconds. The event attracted a total of 130 riders from France, Germany, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. Putting the Money Where the Mouth is A total of RM2. billion was spent in the 8th Malaysia Plan, while under the 9th Malaysia Plan, a budget allocation of RM2. 4 billion which represents an increase of mere 1. 1% from the previous plan, was approved for the development of sports from 2006-10. This budget requires a great deal of proper management of funds to help achieve the nation. s aspiration to produce more of its world-class sports people such as Malaysias squash queen and world number one Nicol David, who recently sealed her fourth successive Womens World Open title after defeating host nations favourite, Natalie Grinham. Some of the major sports events such at the Monsoon Cup, whose current agreement ends in 2012, should be encouraged to go on because of their ability to attract tourists to this country and it works as a catalyst for the state. s development, while others help to put Malaysia on world map when championship titles are won. At a recent 12th World Sport for All Congressheld in Kuala Lumpur, themed, â€Å"Sport for All – Sport for Life†, where 505 participants from 96countries came together to brainstorm ideas onhow to increase the trend of physical inactivity, the 7 EDITORIAL EDITORIAL delegates arrived unanimously at some keyconclusions: . Focus on the importance of sport and hysical activity as a key element of healthpolicies. . When formulating policies, take into account the public health, social and economicbenefits of increased participation in sportand physical activity. . Recognise the importance of community sport and physical activity. . Consider Sport for All as an investment, not a cost or burden. The re sults of the four-day congress werecompiled into a declaration which underlined theimportance of a partnership between the OlympicMovement and governments to act together tocounter the global problems of decreasingphysical activity and the increasing incidence ofobesity. At another conference, some 500 participants at the 2009 International Conference on Integration of Knowledge Intensive Multi-AgentSystems (KIMAS 2009) learnt that, althoughMalaysia has become the favourite destination forinternational sports events, it has yet to set up adesignated department or unit in related government agencies to monitor the cash flow ofour Ringgit or foreign currencies to see how it iscontributing to our economy. This was a fact whichcould not be denied by the Prime Minister himself. Despite the fact that Malaysia has participated inthe Olympics from as early as 1956 and sportsmarketing is easily worth US$250 billion (RM875billion) globally based on a report in SportsBusiness Journal, the sports and fitness industryin Malaysia is still considered as a â€Å"young andemerging sector†. One of the speakers at the convention, DatukRadha Krishnan, Managing Director of UniversalFitness Leisure (UFL) cited that the biennialSukma Games has an allocation of RM30 to RM40 million for every chapter, yet the moneygenerated from the event was not documented. Compared to New Zealand, with just 4. 3 millionpeople, the country had three per cent or 37,500 of the population involved in the sport industry, where about US$75 billion (RM272 billion) isgenerated annually from the sector. Whereas Malaysia has a dedicated Youth andSports Ministry, National Sports Council andNational Sports Institute, in the United States, themajority of the state sport bodies are run on avoluntarily basis, yet they are able to monitor sixmillion school students and 22,000 high schoolstudents. Moving Ahead It goes without saying that industry players wantto see the sports industry achieve the nextquantum leap. Although the country has achievedsterling feats at the world stage by havingworld-beaters in more than one sport, withbadminton, bowling, squash, cycling and archerybasking in limelight, they say, there is still a lot thatneeds to be done. Much soul searching has to bedone at all levels to see how we can train our sportsmen and women from young and bring thecountry to the next level of sports excellence tobeat world records. This is why the nation has to seriously look atthe overall development of sports from the schoollevel onwards, if we are determined to see our young people emerging as world class champions. It requires a lot of cooperation at alllevels of society. The reality is that sports have notbeen given much emphasis in schools thatprompted the President of the Olympic Council ofMalaysia, Tan Sri Tunku Imran Tuanku Jaafar toexpress his personal disappointment: â€Å"I hopeMalaysians will put into practice what they havelearnt from other successful nations. Unfortunately, Malaysia is lacking concrete examples, especially in schools where somechildren have only one hour of sport a week†. Hisresounding call to greater involvement of thechildren in sports is one area of concern that thegovernment, teachers and parents have toimmediately address. Without a doubt, they haveto view sports as an investment, not a liability or aburden – and continue to encourage the young toparticipate in all sorts of games, apart frommerely focusing on hosting major sports events inMalaysia. 8

Dissertation Expert

Dissertation Expert Dissertation Expert Consult a Dissertation Expert Hundreds of students face the necessity of writing a dissertation every year, but of course not all of them are well prepared for the challenge. You may know the subject of your dissertation very well, but that does not guarantee that your try to write a dissertation without professional help will be a success. What to do if you just need a good piece of advice, and fast? Sometimes students encounter unexpected difficulties, when they think that their work is almost over. For example, a student is told that his dissertation was not written in compliance with the scholarly manner. Who to address if your drafts were rejected, and your final deadline is looming large? Dissertation Experts Know What To Do What is the use of spending hours in the library and collecting facts if you do not know what you are really looking for? You always have a choice, and some students prefer to struggle with their problems themselves, even if this fight is not very eff ective. The others prefer to get professional help of a dissertation expert, which saves time, money and energy. Think about sleepless nights you can avoid if you receive a good advice on time! In many cases a dissertation expert just shows the way to students, and after that they find themselves able to continue their work, collecting and analyzing data, summing up their evidence, managing their supervisors! The Price of Consulting Dissertation Expert You may think that consulting a dissertation expert will be too expensive, but it is not so. Just think about the money that you would pay to a professor from your university, if you asked him or her for special attention to your dissertation and for detailed instructions whenever you need them. You may know from your own experience that a supervisors instructions can be so general and abstract, that it is really problematic to apply them to your particular dissertation. If you consult our dissertation expert, be sure to get profess ional consulting, proofreading or any other kind of dissertation assistance. Dissertation Assistance Is Right Here! We provide dissertation assistance for students at all stages of their work. If you are uncertain about a dissertation topic, we shall offer you an interesting one. If you want to make sure that everything is right about your dissertation, our dissertation expert will proofread it carefully. Whatever your problem is, you can rely on our professional assistance. Just contact us and forget about your dissertation nightmares!

How to Make Negative Sentences in French

How to Make Negative Sentences in French Making sentences negative in French is a bit more complicated than in English. This summary of the different kinds of negation and negation-related grammatical structures should help clear up some of the confusion. The title of each negation category links to a detailed lesson with examples of usage and a quiz. (Dont) just say nonNo, not a chance, I dont think so, and more. nonpas question ! Negative adverbsNegate or restrict the action of the verb they modify. ne... pasne... jamais Negative adjectivesNegate or cast doubt on a quality of the noun they modify. ne... nulne... aucun Negative pronounsNegate or cast doubt on the existence of the noun they replace. ne... rienne... personne Negative conjunctionTheres only one: ne... ni... ni... Negative questionsTheres a special French word to respond yes when someone else says no.lt;br - Non.- Si ! Negating infinitives2-part negative structures stay together in front of infinitives. Ne pas toucher.Ne jamais fermer. Nimporte... expressionsDesignate an unspecified person, thing, or characteristic. nimporte quinimporte quel... PasNegate a non-verbal structure. pas beaucouppas souvent Double negativesTwo negatives dont make a positive in French. Ce nest pas rien.Je nai jamais vu personne. Formal negationThere are three negative structures particular to formal French. ne... pointavant quil ne... Informal negationNe is often dropped in spoken French. Je sais pas.Bouge pas !

Marketing Consultancy, this is a group work not full paper work see Essay

Marketing Consultancy, this is a group work not full paper work see details bellow - Essay Example Basically, the rationale behind the need to build ties with the local schools, youth clubs, and sports clubs is to make it easier on the part of the Dunamaise Arts Centre to locate and encourage the parents of children between 5 to 15 years old to take advantage of the art work exhibits, educational shows, workshops, and classes that are purposely designed to enhance the artistic side of each child (Marconi, 2005, p32). 7. Offer courses or workshops related to arts and crafts such as puppetry, holiday card making, drawing, sketching, paintings, and textile design making; book arts; animal sculpture making using playdough; film making and animation; digital photography; music like singing songs and sounscapes; acting; storytelling; and dancing (Dibb, 1996, p6). This is a business terminology referring to the the process of classifying customer with common needs. This classification or aggregation is made to customers with similar needs in relation to the marketing action (Wong, 1993, p22). To make it easier for Dunamaise Arts Centre to identify its target market, it is important to divide its target customers into subgroups. By conducting market segmentation, Dunamaise will be able to learn more about its target customers’ demographic, psychographic, and geographic profile (Kotler, 2000, pp. 263 – 266). To locate the target market, it is necessary to contact the managers of Leighlinbridge Gaelic Foodball Club, Co Carlow Football Club, Castledermot GAA Club, Athy GFC, Castlemtchell GFC, Kildangan GAA, Redhills Airsoft, Cill Dara Rugby Club, and Naas Hockey Club among others. KOHL, S. (2000). Getting attention leading-edge lessons for publicity and marketing. Boston, Mass, Butterworth Heinemann. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=34020. Mcdonald, M. (2008). Malcolm McDonald on marketing planning

Ethical Theories of Utilitarianism and Kantianism Essay

Ethical Theories of Utilitarianism and Kantianism - Essay Example According to the paper the manager Michael has faced an ethical situation in his family’s business of metal components. The current economic crisis has created strong challenges to Michael in sustaining his family business. On the other hand, one of his unskilled, but loyal workers, John, who started working for the company even at a time when Michael’s grandfather was running the business, has developed some unhealthy behaviors at the workplace which caused Michael lot of headaches. Michael knows that John’s wife and only son died in a car crash a year ago and that, to cope with his loss, John has taken to drinking alcohol. Michael has repeatedly talked with John about this problem but this has not changed John’s behavior. Even though Michael decided to cut down all the unproductive sectors including the unproductive problematic employees also, he decided to keep John on. This paper briefly analyses Michael’s decision to keep John on the basis of e thical theories of utilitarianism and Kantianism. This study outlines that the main ethical issue involved in this case was about John’s future. He has started his career even when Michael’s grandfather was running the business and moreover John has spent majority of his healthy periods for the company and worked hard for the company as a loyal worker. Right now he is rapidly approaching the end of period of his life both as a worker and a human being. Is it right to fire a worker who spent majority of his life for the wellbeing of a company during a period when he was about to retire? Another ethical issue involved in the above case was that John has lost his entire family in an accident and left alone in this world by destiny. Apart from his family, the company was the second entity in which John was constantly interacting. Is it right for the company to fire such a loyal worker when he was left alone in this world, especially when considering his earlier services to the organization?

Case Study on Early Childhood Essay Example for Free

Case Study on Early Childhood Essay This study will provide an understanding of a child’s physical, cognitive, and social development. Early childhood is a time of remarkable physical, cognitive, social, as well as emotional development. Infants enter the world with a limited range of skills and abilities. Watching a child develop new motor, cognitive, language and social skills is a source of wonders for parents and caregivers. The study of human development is a rich and varied subject. We all have personal experience with development, but it is sometimes difficult to understand exactly how and why people grow, learn, and change. What happens or doesn’t happen to children in the earliest years of their lives is of critical importance, both to their immediate well-being and to their future. If you received the best start in your earliest years of life, you are more likely to have grown healthy, developed language and learning capacities, or gone to school and led a productive, rewarding life. Let’s take a closer look at early childhood development including the well-being of potential influences around the child. Five year old Madison, a cheerful and clever girl, is one of the most active children I have ever met. She is a member of gymnastics, dancing, and little league softball team. Weighing about thirty five pounds and very lean, she has the energy times three of one child. To determine Madison’s maturity of her motor skill development, I created a test for both her gross motor skills and fine motor skills. To test her development of her gross motor skills, I told her to run up and down the driveway of her yard, which was about 9 feet in length, until she was tired. Madison only ran this length four times before giving up. I determined that her gross motor skills were above average because of her speed, pace, and length of running. To test her fine motor skills, I gave her one sheet of wide ruled paper and told her to copy each sentence: â€Å"My name is Madison. I am five years old. I like to play ball. † Madison showed that she could write these sentences neatly and accurately. I tested her again on her fine motor skills by testing her strength. I rolled a soccer ball to her five times and she kicked it back to me three of those five times. She showed that her strength was average as well. I also asked her parent a series of questions about her physical development: What was Madison’s appetite on a daily basis? What is her energy level before and after school? What is the pattern of her physical growth? Her parent stated that her appetite was normal and that she ate three full meals a day including snacks in between these meals. She then stated that before school her energy level is low being that most children do not like to be woken early in the morning. After school her energy level is fair because she has been active for more than seven hours and attends practice after school. Her parent also explained that Madison’s weight gain is steady but she has gotten taller by two inches. I determined that Madison’s physical development is excellent and well above average of children her age. Not only a period of amazing physical development, early childhood is also a time of extraordinary mental development. Cognitive development combined with memory and thinking continues to emerge throughout childhood. It would be impossible to avoid mentioning the work of Piaget when it comes to childhood cognitive development. According to Piaget’s theory, Madison is automatically in the preoperational stage. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people. I asked Madison does she like to read and she answered â€Å"yes. † I also asked her does she like to learn and she said â€Å"yes. † To test her cognitive skills, I tested her by giving her a paper with a picture of three balls on it. I told her to circle the biggest one, put a square around the smallest one, and underline the medium size one. She correctly circled the biggest one which was in the middle, followed by the smallest one on the right and the medium one on the left. I gave the same test but with different pictures and in a different order. She missed this question because she assumed that the biggest bear was in the middle because of the first test she took. She failed to understand the perception of size because she focused on what she saw before not noticing the change of appearance. This showed that she used static reasoning believing that the world is unchanging. I asked Madison how many fingers she had and she counted ten. I then raised only four of my fingers on one hand and three on the other. I asked her how many did I have on my and and she stated seven but then told me I was hiding more. As you can see I could not pull a trick on Madison with this test. In children, there is perhaps nothing more amazing than the emergence of language. Early childhood is a sensitive period for language learning. I asked her parent does Madison easily learn words. She stated that Madison learns words everyday and often repeat words that she might have said to other people and to her as well. To test Madison on her social development, I sat a phone, a bottle of water, and a book on a table. I asked her what was the first object and why do we use it. She correctly answered the question saying that the phone was used to call people. Second, she could not tell me what the container was (bottle) but she did say it was water. Last, she correctly stated that the book was used to read about things. I asked her does she play with other kids and she said yes. I then asked her did she have friends and she named two friends. Her parent also stated that Madison talks about her friend all the time and has gotten into trouble for talking too much at school. It shows that Madison is a very sociable child and she will more than likely be successful in anything that she does.

Drugs In The Urban Community Essay -- Descriptive Drugs Gangs

The real America is filled with abandoned houses, prostitution, and citizens that have no hope on life. How can this lifestyle become a normal living condition? Some say there is no chance on restoring the communities that were destroyed from drugs. Is our government aware of the hardship and poverty while they send troops to war? The infestation of drugs overtaking communities results in corruption in neighborhoods, destroying families, weakening the school system and increasing the crime and violence rate. The usage of drugs in major cities, and certain urban areas have transformed them to become an eye sorer. The type of place where unfamiliar faces will be scared to drive through at night. The ghetto is filthy and nasty looking; drugs have caused the used to be new, to look like a complete city that needs to be rehabbed. Some say the ghetto is a beautiful place and there is nothing wrong with it, certainly you would have to live there to feel that way. Recently real estate tycoons have made a fortune on rehabilitating houses. So how do drugs make our neighborhoods look so bad? â€Å"When it comes to drugs, think of it as real estate. Location is very important, just like your property value goes up and down, so does the drug market† (Local dealer 1, 2008). Local dealers compete in price and produc t, drug houses are being set on fire to force users to purchase from the arsonist that funded the fire. Once these houses have been burnt, that puts the house out of business until they move to another location and establishes their clients; I guess it’s like a store. Most big time drug dealers have more than one drug house; the more houses the more money. ... ...must purchase them from someone more successful than them, and to take their position they must kill them, and keeping the money and drugs from the transaction. This is how some dealers become heartless, doing whatever it takes to make the money, and take over the streets where the money is. It is a shame that people have been choosing this lifestyle, some even forced into this vicious cycle. Even, I have experience the effect of drugs in my city that I was born in, have you? NA May, 2008 "Uniform Crime Reports" (FBI, 1934-1990) NA Dealer 1 May 2008 Chooses to remain anonymous NA Dealer 2 May 2008 Chooses to remain anonymous Gordon. E Kenny PhD 1990 (National Household survey on drug abuse) .National institute on drug abuse. Gordon. E Kenny PhD 1997 Uniform Crime Reports (FBI, 1934-1990) NA http://www.rapdict.org/Detroit May 2008

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a knowledge based discipline, which focuses on the wholeness of human being. (Faucett, 1933. ) As per definition nurses are playing great role in modern medicine, either with an associate degree or as bachelor of nursing degree. Both, with the same licensure, the Registered Nurse. Nurse. The Associate dDegree nNurse(ADN) takes a shorter path of two years where the BSN takes longer one with 4 years of education to complete the degree. When we compare the data collected by various groups of nursing professionals, it is evident that the mortality rate, medication errors and patient outcomes are largely improved with high number of BSN onboard. The ADNAssociate degree nurse program was introduced to minimize the nursing shortage during post, second world warSecond World War. Even though The Goldmark report in 1923 recommended that the entry level of education for professional practice as a registered nurse should be a bachelorBachelor of Science in nursing (BSN), the new Associate degree nurse programs, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continuesprograms, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continue even today. Associate degree nursing programs are more to task oriented, where BSN program is based on theory and research. The needs of patients are changing on a daily basis, the need for higher education for nurses is in great demand.. Nurses are advocates of patient population, so be prepared to have the knowledge to help them, in preventive medicine, risk reduction, disease management, public health and over all provide a safe environment as per Nightingales theory of environment. When you compare work of an associate degree nurse with a BSN on a daily basis you could see the differences of approaches between associate degree nurse and a BSN. In this author’s experience, an associate degree nurse is well oriented to practical side of nursing, which is well evidenced. When comes to a patient with MRSA infection of an amputated limp site, the Associate degree nurse, is quick to get the patient pain meds, help with positioning, dressing changes, and maintains a clean environment, maintains contact isolation and provided emotional support. Whereas the BSN is there to teach the patient and family about prevention of infection, promotion of healing by correct diet choices, increasing activity and maintain the previous activity level, and prevent progression of infection and further loss. Also coordinated the care with dietary, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social services and case management services etc, thus provided the patient a smooth transition to the new life as a right above knee amputee. The BSN did investigate about the support groups, prosthesis options, family dynamics, and so on. In this situation one could clearly see the different ways of an associate nurse in their scope of practice vsvs. BSN performed through evidence based nursing practices. The expectation to the future of nursing is that, nurse should be capable of maintaining a patient’s over all well being, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. One could obtain those qualities through proper education and adapting multiple ways of thinking. The ability of clinical reasoning is very important. The clinical picture of patient is changing, always ask yourself, why, what and how. Why the clinical picture is changing, what are the causes, and how can we correct that. For this we have to understand the metaparadigm of nursing, explained by the founders of nursing. A nurse also should have the clinical imagination, scientific and creative reasoning. The new age of nursing is characterized by a synthesis of facts and ideas that generate principles and theories. (Rogers,1994) . One could only achieve that by advancing one’s education to a higher level. Once you reach that level, the horizon is wide; you could further advance your studies to masters programs, nurse practitioner in various disciplines, go for doctorate programs etc. etc. In a study report from International Jjournal of nursingof Nursing sStudies, June 2009, headed by Dr. Kkoen Van den Heede found a major link between the number of BSN on cardiac care units and hospital mortality. Data analyzed from different countries including Canada, Belgium, Netherlands and USA. The result showed there were 4. 9 percentages fewer deaths per 1000 patients on intensive care units with higher number of nurses with BSN degree. Linda Aiken and her associates, in their Landmark study in 2003 showed a strong connection between the educational level of registered nurses and patient outcomes. Substantial survival advantage noted specially in surgical patient population. , Even as little as 10% increase in the BSN degree holders make a difference in patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. A highly educated nursing work force is essential to the future of nursing. In short, the medial world is changing, so as the patient. So it is imperative that, the nursing work force should change to meet the needs of future health care. So here the transition from associate degree nurse to BSN is much more appreciated and welcomed. Reference: -The reference page is a separate page. This is not APA format. Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce (fact Sheet) Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media/factsheets/nursingwrkf. htm: Retrieved on 01/06/2012 from Creasia & Friberge, The Bridge to Professional Practice, Conceptual foundations 5th edition.

Check Point Week 2 Criminal Justice

CheckPointCrime Reporting and Rates Response| Write a 200- to 300-word response in which you address the following questions:What is the purpose of major crime-reporting programs? What makes a successful crime-reporting program in the United States? * How do crime rates relate to arrest rates and clearance rates? Is there a way to improve the correlation between crime rates, arrest rates, and clearance rates in the effort to combat criminal activity? Post your response as an attachment. | According to the text, â€Å"Crime statistics provide an overview of criminal activity. If used properly, a statistical picture of crime can serve as a powerful tool for creating social policy. Decision makers at all levels, including legislators, other elected officials, and administrators throughout the criminal justice system, rely on crime data to analyze and evaluate existing programs, to fashion and design new crime-control initiatives, to develop funding requests, and to plan new laws and crime control legislation. Many â€Å"get tough† policies, such as the three-strikes movement that swept the country during the 1990s, have been based in large part on the measured ineffectiveness of existing programs to reduce the incidence of repeat offending. † (chapter 2 Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, Eleventh Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. ) The clearance rate is calculated by dividing the number of crimes that are cleared by the total number of crimes recorded. Clearance rates can be very problematic for measuring the performance of the police services and for comparing different police services and this is possible because different police forces may employ a different way of measuring clearance rates. I think the number of clearance rates will vary depending on the crime rates in the precinct, reported or unreported. The crime rates relate to arrest rates as indicted by the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and possibly the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). There is no official predictor for criminal activity, however the higher the crime rate the higher the arrest rate. Greater population areas lend themselves to higher crime rates, although clearance rates are generally uniform across the nation with regard to particular crimes. There is an anomaly in criminology that shows increased arrests reduce crime but it is more of a measurement error because of the corollary where more arrests necessitate an increase in criminal activity as witnessed and/or reported.

Medical School Personal Statement Sample Medicine Is My Interest

Medical School Personal Statement Sample Medicine Is My Interest Medical School Personal Statement: The body of a human being is an extraordinary machine that has a lot of diverse systems resulting to life form that is impossible to be reproduced artificially. Undoubtedly many among the fascinating workings of life are the complexity and the functions carried out by the human body. I take pleasure in life challenges specifically towards a worthwhile objective and even though medicine is believed to be a difficult career, it can be extremely rewarding as decorated by the many doctors I have interacted with throughout my learning experience and also in a personal level. My interest in medicine is coupled with the fact that science is a field that encompasses a lot of life’s issues and reality and also subject that is practical and useful on daily basis. In my part biological science is interesting however; it becomes more exhilarating when learning abnormality in medical science ranging from varied realities in pathology to the practicability in pharmacology. The compound chemical processes in the human body particularly the way neurons shape the brain including psychology is a predicament which I would really enjoy learning and understand. The neurobiology behind the functionality of the brain is an area I strongly consider connects with pharmacology a field that greatly encompasses a lot of medical science both normal and abnormal human functionalities and not just to understand but a field that I would love to practice as well as pathology, genetics and the mind. Biological science in relation to chemistry specifically genetics and its various elements like protein synthesis have really interested me. I am able to understand respiration which basically forms part of biochemistry that is very important to physiology. Due to my chemistry study I am well placed in understanding how chemicals are able to react with each other and with my biology knowledge, physiology and anatomy understanding, I am able to place chemistry in the perspective of life sciences. I believe that my knowledge in sciences provides me with a strong base in medical science. In addition, my study in literature and arts has developed my report writing skills and helps me think more creatively and be more innovative in carrying out research. I have also worked as a volunteer in Kaisar Permante hospital and the regional medical hospital in San Jose where I had the opportunity to interact with doctors, patients and nurses regarding the medical career. At these hospitals, I observed several MRI scans, skin biopsy, did ward rounds and endoscopy clinics all of which were really motivating for me. It also strengthened my urge in pursuing pharmacology as a career besides verifying my interest in pathology and medical science. I also enrolled as an intern at UC Davis medical center where I was able to learn how to work with large groups and teams of professionals in the medical fraternity. A part from the medical field, I also managed to work in other fields of business, information technology and public relations all of which equipped me with enough experience and understanding of different perspectives of the modern world. In my academic tests and examinations I managed to perform well as it is strikingly evident in my GPA and MCAT scores thus exhibiting my confidence and consistency due to dedication in studies. I at all times welcome new challenges and hence medical science offers me an all-time discovery and learning opportunity. I appreciate the fact that I don’t know everything in the medical field, which encourages and gives me hope that there will be always new things in store for me to discover. For one to successfully practice medicine, one has to be patient, caring, inquisitive and dedicated. I believe that I posses these qualities and with no doubt I will accomplish my dream and contribute immensely to the society with my skills.

5 Myths Stopping You From Getting Promoted

5 Myths Stopping You From Getting Promoted You know you deserved that promotion, and probably the one before that. People who are newer to the company and not getting the same results you are seem to be getting all of the recognition while you feel left behind. How can you get noticed by the higher-ups doing the noticing? Here are 5 myths you need to debunk right away if getting a promotion is your end goal. 1. Everybody knows you’re  a hard worker.Just because you work hard, doesn’t mean people notice. And certainly not higher-ups who may not interact with you on a daily basis. For all you know, a middle manager could be taking all the credit that should be yours. Find a way to let your boss know when you score big or do especially well. Toot your own horn. Don’t be a braggart, but play it smart. They’ll never reward your hard work if they don’t know about it.2. Your boss knows you  want to be promoted.If you haven’t told your boss explicitly what your ambitions are, and how youà ¢â‚¬â„¢d like to move up in your field, then chances are good she doesn’t know. Not everybody wants to use every job as a springboard higher up the ladder. Some people are quite content to stay in one position for a decade or two. Make your wishes known and ask your boss for her help in your career development. She’ll be flattered and she’ll know exactly what you want when new opportunities open up.3. Your friend would never go after something  you want so much.It’s lovely to have close friends among our colleagues. But keep in mind, this is their livelihood too. Just because you’re pals doesn’t mean your pal won’t throw their hat in the same ring after your coveted promotion. It’s business, after all. Keep your eyes open and don’t miss any chances.4. HR posts all the openings.Sometimes, positions open up and are filled before HR has the chance to make it public. Keep your ear to the ground and pay attention when peopl e in other departments are chatting about their teams. If you hear of someone about to leave, or applying out or up, get on putting yourself out there to replace them before someone else does.5. You’re not supposed be involved  with other departments.If you’ve struck up an interest or affinity with another department or another manager, that’s fine. As long as your work is getting done- and well- there’s no problem pitching in and helping out. That’s a great way to position yourself should any openings come up in that department. Your boss will be fine with it, provided you don’t let it interfere with your work for her and in your current department.Make sure you’re in the game before you complain about being left out of it.

4Ps of Gap 360 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4Ps of Gap 360 - Essay Example any not only provides service by providing tour plans but also does provides many other services to make the trip of the customers very pleasant and also to satisfy the customer’s needs and wishes (Hoffmann, 2008, pp.87-96). The various other services that the company offers to the customers are like providing good accommodations, good transport facilities etc. which are comfortable and also affordable for the customers. It also provides complementary meals to its customer’s on the trip like on Monday it provides a welcome dinner and a drink, on Tuesday it provides the Lunch in the same way different other meals on different days of the weak on the trip to Australia (Leader and Kyritsis, 1994, pp. 94-103). The company’s biggest competitive advantage over other companies is that it provides tour packages in a varied forms and it has the flexibility to change its plans as per the customers’ demands as a result of which the customers get lots of advantage in planning their trips based on their budget and also preference of location. Price plays a big role in this competitive market environment, with huge number of competitors existing in every industry customers have lots of options to choose among the various companies and products available in the market. The price set by the Gap 360 for various trips are basically customised one’s apart from that some of the cost for various trips are been listed below. Looking at the price ranges with the plans given by the company to the customers they are really very reasonable and affordable for the customers. This price of the plans encourages customers to come and take the services from Gap 360. The customer also gets profit by customising their tour plans as per their budget as a result of which it allows the customer to get their wish fulfilled and also this helps the company to achieve full customer satisfaction and also a good brand name in the market (Gap 360, 2014). The location at which the company is

Legal Aspects of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal Aspects of Nursing - Essay Example Legal aspects of nursing The nurse caring for the patient has exhibited professional negligence. Mrs. M successfully underwent surgery to remove a brain lesion. She had problem with swallowing, and the medical team promptly carried out further investigations to ensure patient comfort and a quick recovery. The X-ray revealed that her lungs showed no signs of infiltration or congestion. However mismanagement and negligence emerged during her transportation. A driver was charged with the care of Mrs. M. The patient was in a critical state after undergoing an intensive surgical procedure. In addition, her recovery was difficult as she had a swallowing problem. It is inappropriate for the hospital management to entrust patient care of critical patients to untrained personnel. All personnel handling patients need to be professional nurses or doctors. Untrained personnel should be closely supervised by nurses. Lack of supervision is tantamount to patient neglect and this is act of gross mis conduct. This is evident in the case of Mrs. M during her transport from the hospital room to the X-ray room for a repeat chest film. The untrained patient transporter who was the sole care giver in the course of the transportation allowed the humidifier attached to the oxygen line to lay on its side. ... Moreover, the untrained transporter needs to understand his/her responsibilities as stipulated in this/her job description. Clearly, it is not his/her responsibility to make decisions on the placement of medical devices. The nurse charged with the care of Mrs. M should have supervised the untrained transporter. Due to patient mismanagement, water accumulated in Mrs. M’s lungs and she developed a bout of aspiration pneumonia. This led to her subsequent readmission in the intensive care unit. It was a major inconvenience for the patient as recovery time was prolonged. Aspiration pneumonia is a serious medical condition as it may lead to lung inflammation, lung abscess (accumulation of pus in the lungs) and chronic pneumonia. Fortunately, Mrs. M recovered well without encountering any complications. The unfortunate incident would have been prevented via proper supervision. The nurse charged with the care of Mrs. M should have fulfilled her responsibility. She should have overseen the transport and handling of Mrs. M. The uptake of oxygen via the oxygen mask should have been checked to avoid any mishaps. The humidifier attached to the oxygen line would have been maintained in the right position and not allowed to lie on the side. All supplemental oxygen that is routinely administered to patients needs to be humidified. According to BTS emergency oxygen guidelines, humidification is necessary for patients who need high flow oxygen for a period exceeding 24 hours especially if they report discomfort of the upper airway as a result of dryness. In the administration of an oxygen mask, the oxygen flow meter is attached to the wall outlet. Secondly, the humidifier is filled with the

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing - Research Paper Example in the world, and the means through which these are reported, ultimately have a profound and lasting impact with regards to the awareness of society, understanding of class, differentiation of race, and ultimate understanding of self worth. As such, the impact that the news media has with regards to helping an individual understand each of these complex interpersonal and societal dynamics is profound. Due to the unique history that the United States has thus far exhibited, a unique current of racial tension and undercurrent of strife exists at almost every level of society. This is partly due to the fact that racial perceptions of African-Americans and black activism’s are inherently stronger as compared to those that exist within white communities and individuals. The MOVE bombing in Philadelphia shows the disparity in treatment of black activists, both for their tactics and the representation. In the aftermath of the MOVE bombing, those responsible downplay the racial undert ones of the decision to bomb the activist; however, scholars and researchers note the fact that even when political projects, â€Å"Overtly claim to hold colorblind views, (they) covertly manipulate racial fears in order to achieve political gains†. (Omni & Winant 58). . As a means of understanding the way in which media and society effectively redefined a particular issue as a means of making it more palatable, this particular analysis will focus upon the 1970s and 1980s with respect to activism, black militant activism, and the microcosm of understanding is that the MOVE bombing of Philadelphia can help the reader to achieve. It is the further hope of this author that such a level of understanding will be useful with regards to not only understanding the unique dynamics of societal and racial tensions that helps to define the era in question, it is also the hope of this author that the MOVE bombing will help to shed a level of light and understanding with regards to the way in which

Different viewpoints and opinions on education

Different viewpoints and opinions on education Indoctrinational vs. democratic/participatory teaching methods and techniques John Dewey argued that education should use a critical democratic approach to raise student consciousness about values, attitudes and worker responsibilities. He stated that the primary purpose of education in United States was to foster the growth of democratically minded citizens, and Dewey made no distinction in the education of those who would manage the companies and those who would work on the shop floors. Dewey strongly advocated vocational exploration as a means to acquire practical knowledge, apply academic content and examine occupational and societal values. However, he adamantly opposed the use of vocational education as merely trade education as it would overemphasize technical efficiency. If this occurred, and some would argue it has, education would then become an instrument of perpetuating unchanged the existing industrial order of the society, instead of operating as a means of its transformation (Dewey, 1916). Dewey believed that it was educations role to combat soc ial predestination, not contribute to it. In contrast, Charles Prosser and David Snedden advocated an indoctrinational approach for teaching work value and attitudes; students should learn, without question, the ethical standards of dominant society and the professional ethics of the desired professional area (Prosser, 1939). Supporters of this approach believed the primary purpose of public education was the development of human capital for the success of industrial economy. To accomplish this, they argued that scientific management principles, drawn from the industrial sector, were employed in the public school setting, creating a hierarchically structured and production oriented educational system (Spring, 1990). Prossers sixteen theorems of vocational education support this vision of schooling. According to him, vocational educational should replicate the occupational environment (i.e. processes, machinery, tools), emphasize efficiency (e.g. outputs, costs) and teach functioning facts rather than in the mere acquiring of abstract and socially useless knowledge (Prosser Quigley, Vocational education in a democracy, 1949). In the past thirty five years the argument initiated by Dewey, Prosser and Snedden has resurfaced between educational theorists, outside the realm of vocational education, and business leaders concerned about the decline of industrial productivity in industrialized nations. Expanding upon Deweys perspective, these educational theorists have used a socio-political-economic framework to guide their critique. Specifically reproduction theorists have criticized vocational education for transmitting work values and attitudes necessary for a compliant workforce as well as primarily employing indoctrinational pedagogies for work values and attitudes instruction (Bowles Gintis, 1976). Reproduction and critical theorists have argued that the indoctrinational approach is exploitative because it produces attitudes in students that correspond to the type of work in which students will most likely participate upon completion of their formal education (Anyon, 1980); (Giroux, 1983); (Macleod, 1987 ). Another facet of this debate was represented in the report Americas choice: high skills or low wages! which focused on corporate organizational structure and its relationship to worker behaviors (National Center on Education and the Economys Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, 1990). It stated that about 80% of United States companies utilize a pyramidal mass manufacture model that values reliable and compliant workers who perform their tasks almost robot like. This is in contrast to democratically structured organizations that need workers who are adaptable, resourceful, critical and capable of making decisions. While Dewey and critical theorists are concerned primarily with implementing democracy in the schools and the workplace to create a more just and equitable society, the industrial sociological literature has provided evidence that work organizations that employ democratic processes or participatory management also increase worker productivity (Hall, 1987); (J ain, 1980); (Zuboff, 1983). The Commission suggested that, while there is a trend towards companies implementing more participatory management, vocational education needs to teach democratic skills and utilize primarily democratic strategies so that future workers will be prepared to participate in, and assist in transforming companies into high performance organizations. Ineffective learning The nature of work has changed and our understanding of how people learn has also changed. Both developments call into question the organization, goals and pedagogy of our educational system. What makes these developments so powerful is that our new understanding of both work and learning suggest very similar directions for reform. Strengthening the educational system so that it conforms more to the ways people learn will also directly enhance the ability of that system to prepare students for the type of workplaces that are emerging in factories and offices throughout the industrialized world. The following discussion of effective learning emerges from a powerful knowledge base known as cognitive science. From the perspective of cognitive science this discussion purports to underscore two basic points about learning and teaching. First, school routinely and profoundly violates what we know about how people learn effectively and the conditions under which they apply their knowledge appropriately to new situations. Second, these practices seem to permeate all levels and sectors of education and training in developed countries right from elementary grades to corporate training. Mistaken assumption # 1: The educational enterprise assumes that people predictably transfer learning to new situations As a society, we presume that the ultimate point of schooling is to prepare students for effective and responsible functioning outside of school. Accepting this assumption means that we have to confront what is known as the knowledge transfer problem. Knowledge transfer simply means the appropriate use in a new situation of concepts, skills, knowledge and strategies acquired in another. Historically, lower-skilled workers had a very limited need for transfer. Transfer becomes important when you encounter the unfamiliar and non-routine, and lower skilled workers encountered little that was not familiar and did not have the responsibility for handling the non-routine that they did encounter. Goods and services were limited in number, allowing long production runs of the same thing or service and reducing the number of events that have not been previously encountered. Within this limited product or service range, companies organized the work as specialist work workers had responsibility for a narrow range of activity. Supervisors and managers were expected to handle the non-routine events that did occur within this narrow, repetitive world. That is, responsibility for events that required problem solving, judgment, heuristics, analogues, or other mental activities enhanced by the access to knowledge and skills acquired in other situations was detached from lower-skill jobs and vested in middle-skill managerial jobs. However, technological innovations and changed market conditions ushered by globalization and in its wake increased competition means an increased number of non-routine events. Companies in developed countries are gradually shifting from highly specialized and repetitive jobs at lower skill levels toward teams expected to handle a broader range of activities, and they are also increasingly vesting problem-solving, supervisory responsibilities in these teams. Thus, a broader range of workers is being asked to exercise the mental activities enhanced by access to knowledge and skills acquired in other situations. Extensive research, spanning decades, shows that individuals do not predictably transfer knowledge in any of the three situations where transfer should occur. They do not predictably transfer school knowledge to everyday practice (Pea, 1989); (Lave, 1988). They do not predictably transfer sound everyday practice to school endeavors, even when the former seems clearly relevant to the latter. They do not predictably transfer their learning across school subjects. We focus on the first two transfer problems: from school to nonschool and from nonschool to school. Transferring from school to outside of school: This transfer situation is at the heart of schooling. Usually, the major claim for school-type instruction is its generality and power of transfer to situations beyond classroom (Resnick, 1987). The fundamental question is whether knowledge, skills and strategies acquired in formal education in fact get used appropriately in everyday practice. Students in college physics courses designed for physics majors can solve book problems in Newtonian mechanics by rote application of formulae. However, even after instruction, they revert to naÃÆ' ¯ve pre-Newtonian explanations of common physical situations to which their school learning is relevant (diSessa, 1983). Studies of expert radiologists, electronic troubleshooters and lawyers all reveal a syrprising lack of transfer of theoretical principles, processes or skills learned in school to professional practice (Resnick, 1987). For example, Morris and Rouse found that extensive training in electronics and troubleshooting theories provided little knowledge and fewer skills directly applicable to performing electronic troubleshooting (Morris Rouse, 1985) Transferring from outside of school to school: People learn outside of school all the time. The question then is what people do with what they learn outside of school when they move into school. Does sound, everyday practice get transferred to get used in school learning? How does incorrect learning outside school affect correct learning inside school? Dairy workers, although almost errorless in their use of practical arithmetic at work, performed badly in on arithmetic tests with problems like those encountered in their jobs (Scribner Fahrmeir, 1982). Brazilian street vendor children successfully solved 98% of their marketplace transactions, such as calculating total costs and change. When presented with the same transactions in formal arithmetic word problems that provided some descriptive context, the children correctly solved 74% of the problems. Their success rate dropped to 37% when asked to solve the same types of problems when these were presented as mathematical operations without descriptive context (Carraher, Carraher, Schliemann, 1985). Other studies show that training on one version of a logical problem has little, if any, effect on solving an isomorphic version that is represented differently (Hayes Simon, 1977). Teaching children to use general context-independent cognitive strategies has no clear benefits outside the specific domains in which they are taught (Pressley, Snyder, Cariglia-Bull, 1987) Cognitive experts agree that the conditions for transfer are not fully understood. Even though studies cited in previous paragraphs continue to find no evidence of transfer, others identify conditions under which transfer seems to occur (Holyoak, 1985); (Nisbett, Fong, Lehman, Cheng, 1987); (Lehman, Lempert, Nisbett, 1988); (Singley Anderson, 1989). We know that people routinely apply skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic to new situations with some success. These skills are used most effectively in well understood content domains. For example, readers get more out of their reading when they know something about the domain in which they are reading than when they do not. Nonetheless, skills such as reading do let us enter unfamiliar content areas we do use these skills in new situations, and they do help us. At the same time, we also keep finding lack of transfer. We now know that certain practices in school impede learning. More effective learning may not be sufficient for transfer, but poor initial learning will certainly impede it. Mistaken assumption # 2: Learners are best seen as passive vessels into which knowledge is poured In a typical schoolroom or a corporate training session, the teacher or expert faces the learners in the role of knowledge source. The learner is the passive receiver of wisdom a glass into which water is poured. This instructional arrangement comes out of an implicit assumption about the basic purpose of education: the transmission of societys culture from one generation to the next. The concept of transmission implies a one-way flow from the adult members of the society to the societys young, or, from the expert to the novice (Lave, The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding: Report No. IRL88-0007, 1988). In fact, schooling is often talked about as transmission of canonical knowledge in other words, of an authoritative, structured body of principles, rules and knowledge. Education as canonical transmission thus becomes the conveying of what experts know to be true, rather than a process of inquiry, discovery and wonder. This view of education leads naturally to the student as the receiver of the word, to a lecture mode of teaching, and to the teacher as the controller of the process. This organization of learning, with the teacher as order-giver and the student as order-taker, fits the traditional organization of work for lower-skilled workers in both civilian workplaces and the military. The workers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ responsibility was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to do what he was told [to do by the management] (Callahan, 1962). Ben Hamper, an auto assembly line worker, uses more colorful language: Working the line at G. M. was like being paid to flunk high school for the rest of your life (Marchese, 1991). The assumption that the teacher is the pourer and the student the receptacle has several unfortunate consequences. Passive learning reduces or removes chances for exploration, discovery and invention: Passive learning means that learners do not interact with problems and content and thus do not get the experiential feedback that is key to learning. Students need chances to engage in choice, judgment, control processes and problem formulation; they need chances to commit mistakes. The saying, experience is the best teacher, is borne out by the research you learn what you do. While not sufficient for effective learning, doing is nonetheless necessary. However, schools usually present what is to be learned as a delineated body of knowledge, with the result that students come to regard the subject being studied mathematics, for example as something received, not discovered and as entity to be ingested, rather than a form of activity, argumentation and social discourse. This organization of learning mirrors the traditional organization of work, especially for lower skilled workers. Under the system of industrial management known as scientific management or the Taylor System, each mans task was worked out by the planning department. Each worker received an instruction card which described in minute detail not only what is to be done, but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it' (Callahan, 1962). This system was highly prescriptive; it left no room for deviation or innovation. Passive learning places control over learning in the teachers, not the learners, hands: Passive learning creates learners dependent on teachers for guidance and feedback, thus undercutting the development of confidence in their own sense making abilities, their initiative and their cognitive executive skills. The example of Brazilian street vendor children may be recalled at this juncture. The researchers found that when the children tried to work school math problems, they did not check the sensibleness of their answers by relating them back to the initial problem. Although virtually errorless in their street math activities, they came with preposterous results for school math problems (Carraher, Carraher, Schliemann, 1985). In a study of supermarket shoppers use of arithmetic, the researchers assessed the shoppers command of structurally similar school math problems. The shoppers spoke with self-deprecation about not having studied math for a long time. Lave clarifies what is happening here. Individuals experience themselves as both subjects and objects in the world. In the supermarket, for example, they see themselves as controlling their activities, interacting with the setting, generating problems in relation [to] the setting, and controlling problem solving processes. In contrast, school à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ create[s] contexts in which children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ experience themselves as objects, with no control over problems or choice about problem-solving processes (Lave, Cognition in Practice, 1988) in sum, control in the teachers, not the students hands undercuts students trust in their own sense making abilities. As companies have started shifting decision-making power to the shop floor, managers find that workers conditioned to depending on their supervisors telling them what to do are frightened and lack confidence in their ability to solve problems and make decisions. In addition to its effects on confidence, passive learning also undercuts the development of a particular set of higher order cognitive skills called the cognitive self-management, or executive thinking, skills. These are simply the skills that we use to govern our problem-solving attempts. They include goal setting, strategic planning, checking for accurate plan execution, monitoring our progress and evaluating and revising our plans. We now know that those who function as independent and effective learners are people with these skills. However, as Pea has observed, passive learning is disastrous for developing them. Classroom studies of reading, writing, and math and science instruction show that the executive processes for controlling thinking and learning processes are under the teachers control, not the students. These processes seem to get developed when the learning situation is structured to shift control from the teacher to the student, the teacher gradually removing the support that students need initially as they begin to show the ability to work autonomously (Pea, 1989). Passive learning creates motivational and crowd control problems: Jordan describes a Mexican public health training program designed to improve the practice of Mayan midwives. Her analysis spotlights behaviors that American teachers constantly complain about their students (Jordan, 1987). The teaching is organized in a straight didactic material in a mini-lecture format. When these lectures begin, the midwives shift into what Jordan calls their waiting-it-out behavior: they sit impassively, gaze far away, feet dangling, obviously tuned out. This is behavior that one might also observe in other waiting situations, such as when a bus is late or during sermons in church, (p. 3). We see the same behaviors in American third graders. Hass found that students were deeply engaged in team problem-solving during their drill and practice time, but invested little attention or involvement in the teachers instructional sessions. During three weeks of observation, the children did not adopt any of the specific strategies demonstrated by the teacher during general instruction time (Hass, 1988). As teachers know it so well, motivational problems often end up as crowd control problems, as illustrated by the behaviors of different groups of children at a Metropolitan Museum display of Ice Age art and artifacts. Most of the school groups were moved from one exhibit to the next, pausing before each to hear a guides or teachers lecture. Since the children were bunched in front of an exhibit, they could not all hear the lecture, and even when they could, they lacked understanding of the time frames involved or the archaeological significance of bits of bone. Teachers had not set up the museum visit so that students became involved in what they were going to see. Groups were therefore restless and crowd control became the teachers primary concern. One junior high school class behaved very differently, exhibiting a quiet intensity as they moved through the exhibit gallery. They had packets of worksheets with questions about issues and problems that they were expected to solve at the exhibit. Some questions were factual, but most required inference and thought. The students had to figure out for themselves where and what the evidence would be concerning particular questions (Farnham-Diggory, 1990). Motivational and crowd control problems with students have shown up for decades with lower-skilled workers in the forms of high turnover, absenteeism and, in extreme cases, sabotage. Mistaken assumption # 3: Learning is the strengthening of bonds between stimuli and correct responses Based on his animal experiments, the brilliant psychologist Edward Thorndike developed a new theory of learning. As Cremin observed, the theory presumed that learning was the wedding of a specific response to a specific stimulus through a psychological bond in the neural system. The stimulus [S] then regularly called forth the response [R]. the bond between S and R was stamped in by being continually rewarded; an undesired bond was extinguished through punishment or failure (Cremin, 1961). For the purpose of this research, this psychological theory had three major effects. It led to the breakdown of complex ideas and tasks into components, subtasks and items (stimuli) that could be separately trained. It encouraged repetitive training (stamping in). And it led to a focus on the right answer (successful response) and to the counting of correct responses to items and subtasks, a perspective that ended up in psychometrically elegant tests that were considered the scientific way to measure achievement. The result was fractionation: having to learn disconnected subroutines, items and subskills without an understanding of the larger context into which they fit and which gives them meaning. As Farnham-Diggory notes, fractionated instruction maximizes forgetting, inattention and passivity (Farnham-Diggory, 1990). Since children and adults seem to acquire knowledge from active participation in complex and meaningful environments, school programs could hardly have been better designed to prevent a childs natural learning system from operating (p. 146). The phrase a childs natural learning system goes to the heart of why the usual school programs do not meet their own learning objectives well. Human beings even the small child are quintessentially sense-making, problem-solving animals. The word Why is a hallmark of young childrens talk. As a species, we wonder, we are curious and we want to understand. Pechman talks about the child as the meaning maker. Fractionated and decontextualized instruction fails to mobilize this powerful property of human beings in the service of learning (Pechman, 1990). Mistaken assumption # 4: What matters is getting the right answer Bothe the transmission and the behaviorist views of learning place a premium on getting the right answer. A transmission view stresses the ability of the learner to reproduce the Word; a behaviorist view, the ability of the learner to generate the correct response. The end result is the same: students and teachers focus on the right answer, jeopardizing the development of real understanding. The focus plays out in several ways. An instructional focus on the right answer discourages instruction in problem solving: A right answer focus encourages an emphasis on facts. Facts are important, but by themselves constitute an impoverished understanding of a domain; a fact-focus does not help students abilities to think about the domain in different ways. Cognitive analyses of a range of jobs show that being able to generate different solutions to problems that are formally the same is a hallmark of expert performance (Scribner, Head and hand: An action approach to thinking, 1988).Employers and college educators both complain that American high school graduates are limited in their thinking and problem-solving abilities, deficiencies that stem partly from an educational emphasis on facts and right answers. Students resort to veneers of accomplishment: Students respond to a focus on right answers by learning to test right within the school system. They figure out what answers the teacher or the test seems to want, but often at the cost of real learning. These surface achievements have been called the veneer of accomplishment (Lave, Smith, Butler, Problem solving as an everyday practice, 1988). Also, Jordans analysis of a Mayan midwives training program illuminates basic truths about the learning and testing of American students (Jordan, 1987). She found that midwives who had been through the training course saw official health care system as powerful, in that it commanded resources and authority. They came to distinguish good from not good things to say. Specifically, they learned new ways of legitimizing themselves, new ways of presenting themselves as being in league with this powerful system, but with little impact on their daily practice. Although they could converse appropriately with supervisory medical personnel, their new knowledge was not incorporated into their behavioral repertoire. It was verbally, but not behaviorally fixed. Jordan notes that the trainers evaluated their program by asking the midwives to reproduce definitions, lists and abstract concepts. She observes that if these tests measure anything at all, they measure changes in linguistic repertoire and changes in discourse skills [not changes in behavior] (pp. 10-12) The same behaviors show up with Hasss American third graders. He noticed that in mathematics lessons the students got much practice in problem-solving methods that they had brought into the classroom with them methods that were not being taught and were not supposed to be used. The children used these methods to produce right answers, which the teacher took as evidence of their having grasped the formal procedures that she was teaching them. In fact, all that had happened was the appearance of learning. Teachers do not get behind the answers: We end up with appearances of learning because, in their search for right answers, teachers often fail to check behind the answers to insure that students really grasp the principles that they want the students to master. In typical American classrooms the time devoted to a lesson on a particular topic makes it hard to bring to the surface, let along change, the ideas and assumptions that individuals bring to the lesson. Traditional curriculum design is usually based on a conceptual analysis of the subject matter that ignores what is already in the learners head, with the result that students make mistakes that arise from undetected ideas that they brought to the lesson. Or they can play back memorized canonical knowledge and conceptions but return to their own ideas when confronted with unfamiliar questions or non-routine problems. As noted earlier,, students in college physics courses designed for physics majors can solve book problems in Newtonian mechanics by rote application of formulas, but even after instruction revert to naÃÆ' ¯ve pre-Newtonian explanations of common physical situations (Raizen, 1989). Teachers do not focus on how to use student mistakes to help them learn: In their search for right answers, teachers tend to regard student errors as failures rather than as opportunities to strengthen students understanding. American teachers placed little emphasis on the constructive use of errors as a teaching technique, a practice that the researchers attribute to the strong influence of behaviorism in American education. Behaviorism requires teaching conditions that help learners make only correct responses that can be reinforced through praise. Mistaken assumption # 5: To insure their transfer to new situations, skills and knowledge should be acquired independently of their contexts of use This idea is often talked about as decontextualized learning, which simply means learning out of context or meaning. The rationale for decontextualised learning goes back to the presumed conditions for the transfer of learning. As Lave observes, extracting knowledge from the particulars of experience was thought to make that knowledge available for general application in all situations (Lave, Cognition in Practice, 1988). Almost seventy five years ago, John and Evelyn Dewey wrote about the learning costs of decontextualized education. A statement, even of facts, does not reveal the value of the fact, or the sense of its truth of the fact that it is a fact. Where children are fed only on the book knowledge, one fact is as good as another; they have no standards of judgment or belief. Take the child studying weights and measures; he reads in his textbook that eight quarts make a peck, but when he does examples he is apt, as every schoolteacher knows, to substitute four for eight. Evidently the statement as he read it in the book did not stand for anything that goes on outside the book, so it is a matter of accident what figure lodges in his brain, or whether any does. But the grocers boy who has measured out pecks with a quart measure knows. He has made pecks; he would laugh at anybody who suggested that four quarts made a peck. What is the difference in these two cases? The schoolboy has a result without the activity of which it is the result. To the grocers boy the statement has value and truth, for it is the obv ious result of an experience it is a fact. Thus we see that it is a mistake to suppose that practical activities have only or even mainly a utilitarian value in the schoolroom. They are necessary if the pupil is to understand the facts which the teacher wishes him to learn; if his knowledge is to be real, not verbal; if his education is to furnish standards of judgment and comparison. (Dewey Dewey, Schools of tomorrow, 1915) Get over the traditional distinctions between head and hand The indictment of traditionally organized learning was coming out of a powerful research base, cognitive science. At the heart of this research was the presumption that intelligence and expertise are built out of interaction with the environment, not in isolation from it. It thus challenged the traditionally held distinctions between: Head and hand Academic and vocational education Knowing and doing Abstract and applied Education and training School-based and work-based learning Recent EU policy indicates a reassessment both of the relationship between work and education and the role of work experience in academic and vocational programs, on the basis that globalization is generating the need for new learning relationships between education and work which will support lifelong learning (European Commission, 1995). Thus, in the case of work experience in both general and vocational education, it is now envisaged that it could fulfill an important new role, providing an opportunity for those young people in full-time education and training to develop their understanding about changes in the world of work, to enhance their key skills and to make closer links between their formal programs of study and the world of work (Green, Leney, Wolf, 1999). However, although there has been